Eleni P. Kotanidou, Styliani Giza, Vasiliki-Regina Tsinopoulou, Maria Vogiatzi and Assimina Galli-Tsinopoulou* Pages 5591 - 5608 ( 18 )
Hypertension in childhood and adolescence has increased in prevalence. Interest in the disease was raised after the 2017 clinical practice guidelines of the American Academy of Paediatrics on the definition and classification of paediatric hypertension. Among the secondary causes of paediatric hypertension, endocrine causes are relatively rare but important due to their unique treatment options. Excess of catecholamine, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hyperaldosteronism, hyperthyroidism and other rare syndromes with specific genetic defects are endocrine disorders leading to paediatric and adolescent hypertension. Adipose tissue is currently considered the major endocrine gland. Obesity-related hypertension constitutes a distinct clinical entity leading to an endocrine disorder. The dramatic increase in the rates of obesity during childhood has resulted in a rise in obesity-related hypertension among children, leading to increased cardiovascular risk and associated increased morbidity and mortality. This review presents an overview of pathophysiology and diagnosis of hypertension resulting from hormonal excess, as well as obesity-related hypertension during childhood and adolescence, with a special focus on management.
Endocrine hypertension, paediatric, adolescents, obesity, adipose tissue, endocrine disorder.
Second Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Fourth Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Second Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children’ s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, Second Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki